Males were overrepresented among pediatric patients with cystinuria (68%), HNF1B mutations (61%), idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (60%), and tubulopathies (71%) (due to male-predominant Lowe syndrome); among adult patients with membranous nephropathy (66%), retroperitoneal fibrosis (65%), and primary hyperoxaluria (66%); and among both children and adults with IgA nephropathy (children 63%, adults 70%). Here, HNF1B is linked to idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.