In liver cirrhosis, severe dysbiosis is caused by various factors, including portal hypertension, submucosal edema, difficulty for immune cells to infiltrate, abnormal interepithelial tight junction (TJ) protein, disruption of the gut vascular barrier (GVB), and decreased farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling in the ileum, which also results in decreased barrier function and abnormal bacterial products and metabolites.14, 15. Here, NR1H4 is linked to portal hypertension.