Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that genes upregulated in macrophages from periodontitis patients were predominantly associated with the “MAPK signaling pathway (ko04010)” and “JAK-STAT signaling pathway (ko04630)”, while downregulated genes were primarily linked to “oxidative phosphorylation (ko00190)” and “carbon metabolism (ko01200)” (Figure 1C). This evidence concerns the gene SOAT1 and periodontitis.