IFNG and aortic valve stenosis: IFN-γ, a proinflammatory cytokine in vascular disease, not only promotes AS but also exacerbates valve calcification in CAVS through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α pathway in synergy with TLR3 and TLR4 agonists (Parra-Izquierdo et al. 2019, 2021; Zhou et al. 2015).