We found that the chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) increased towards the time of diabetes diagnosis, starting from a lower level than the non-diabetes group of −44% (95% CI −54, −5%; padj=0.049) at 10 years before diagnosis, to −19% at 5 years before diagnosis (95% CI −30, −6%; padj=0.049), after which the diabetes group did not differ from the non-diabetes group (Fig. 3a). The gene discussed is CCL4; the disease is diabetes mellitus.