In fact, 2 clinicalstudies conducted in Japan and Korea respectively found a promising relationshipbetween a high level of cystatin C and the prevalence of CAS [143, 144].Nevertheless, there are still questions since renal dysfunction is also relatedto atherosclerosis and CAD [141], thus further investigations are still requiredto identify cystatin C as the unique biomarker for CAS. Here, CST3 is linked to Abnormal renal physiology.