Herein, we report the results of our prospective clinical study on the levels ofCA-125, Caspase-3, Galectin-3 and Cathepsin L obtained before PVI and after aminimum of a 3-year follow-up in patients with paroxysmal/persistent (excludinglong-standing form) AF with a structurally normal heart. The gene discussed is CTSL; the disease is atrial fibrillation.