Another study about bacterial and viral infections, as wellas sepsis, has described an increased transcription of GDF-15 in an early (1 h–3h) response to LPS stimulation in CD11b+CD45+ myeloid cells in theliver and bone marrow-derived macrophages from mice [72] (Table 3).Interestingly, the autocrine/paracrine effect of GDF-15 suppresses theLPS-induced TNF-α release in U937 and KG-1 [1]. Here, GDF15 is linked to viral infectious disease.