Reducing miR-205 expression in AF rats attenuated atrial fibrosis bytargeting prolyl-hydroxylase α polypeptide III (P4Hα3) toinhibit CF proliferation and migration and inactivating the JNK pathway [29].Other miRNAs are also involved in atrial remodeling, including miR-133, miR-590and miR-146b-5p, and all were downregulated in a canine model of AF [30, 44]. Here, MAPK8 is linked to atrial fibrillation.