To the best of our knowledge, while both IFN-y and IL-4 are known to playcontribute towards AKI pathophysiology, their predictive value in post-surgicalAKI has not been previously documented in the existing literature.IFN-γ, the typical cytokine produced by classically activatedmacrophages (M1), has been implicated in CD4+ T cell-mediatedischemia-reperfusion injury [37]. Here, CD4 is linked to acute kidney injury.