LPA and atherosclerosis: In addition to conventional lipids, elevated apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containinglipoproteins, including lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], are also known to have a causalrelationship with ASCVD risk, even in the setting of normal or low LDL-C [109].As such, the ESC guidelines recommend testing for Lp(a) at least once in eachadult’s lifetime [110] while the ACC/AHA guidelines consider family history ofpremature ASCVD a relative indication for testing [20].