TNF and neoplasm: Besides, tumor endothelial cells are activated by cytokines like TNF-α and IL-1 secreted by TRMs, causing upregulated expressions of adhesion molecules (such as ICAM-1, VE-cadherin and junctional adhesion molecules) and chemokines (such as CCL5, CXCL8, and CXCL12), leading to increased adhesiveness of activated lymphocytes in the TME (61–63).