TLR7 and infection: Activation of toll-like receptors 7 and 8(TLR7 & TLR8), as well as NOD-like receptors (NLRs) on the surface of infectedlung epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, increases the production of typeI and type III antiviral interferons (IFNs) and several distinct chemokines inthe early phase of infection.