IGF1 and prostate carcinoma: Some studies have shown that elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is negatively associated with the risk of developing prostate cancer, due to lower concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in men with higher glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (Monroy-Iglesias et al., 2021).