SLC9A1 and heart failure: First, cardiomyocytehypertrophy is associated with upregulation of NHE1 expression and activity incardiomyocytes in a number of diverse experimental models [262, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305] as wellas in cardiomyocytes harvested from humans with end stage heart failure [306].Secondly, many paracrine, autocrine and hormonal factors which are importantinitiators of the hypertrophic program are also potent activators of NHE1activity in the heart, among these being angiotensin II, endothelin 1 andα1 adrenergic agonists [reviewed in [307]].