VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Several studies have assessed endothelial dysfunction usingflow-mediated dilatation (FMD), nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD), andbiomarkers (E-selectin, P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1),and vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1)).