Thenuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-relatedfactor 2 (Nrf-2), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) havebeen extensively studied as high frequency signaling pathways for natural productintervention in DCM. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is familial dilated cardiomyopathy.