The protective effects of triptolide against DCM might beattributed to inhibition of the TLR-4-inducedNF-κB/Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signaling pathway,down-regulation of the TGF-β1/α-smooth muscleactin (α-SMA)/Vimentin fibrosis signaling pathway, and suppression of theNF-κB/TNF-α/vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)inflammatory signaling pathway [123]. Here, TLR4 is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.