NPPB and diabetes mellitus: Several scoring systems have been developed to predict LVA, such as the DR-FLASHscore (diabetes, renal dysfunction, persistent AF, left atrial diameter >45 mm,age >65 years, female and hypertension) [31], SPEED score (including gender,persistent AF, age >70 years, increased brain natriuretic peptide and diabetes)[32] and the improved APPLE score (age, type of AF, estimated glomerularfiltration rate (eGFR), left atrial volume and left atrial ejection score) [33].However, how to widely use these scoring systems clinically requires moreresearch and trials.