Subsequent cross-sectional surveys showed that the prevalence ofproteinuria (sometimes in nephrotic range) is higher in both children and adultswith OSA compared to control subjects, after adjustment for confounding factors.Even OSA patients without diabetes or hypertension experience a higher risk ofdeveloping albuminuria (urinary albumin excretion rate or urinaryalbumin/creatinine ratio) compared to control subjects [192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201]. Here, ALB is linked to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.