TNF and atherosclerosis: Studies[88, 89, 90] have found that inflammatory and oxidative stress factorssuch as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), SOD, midbrain dopamine (MDA),and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) are closely related to vascularcalcification, atherosclerosis, CV events, anemia, and death in HF patientsundergoing dialysis.