Various degrees ofinflammatory response have been found in the myocardial biopsy of AF patients,such as inflammatory infiltration, myocyte necrosis and fibrosis; manyinflammatory factors and mediators, such as C-reactive protein (CRP),interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumornecrosis factor-α (TNF-α), are associated with the occurrenceand maintenance of AF. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and atrial fibrillation.