VDR and heart failure: The VDR has now also been reported to be expressed in human heart cells [13].Vitamin D status is considered to be associated with the development andprogression of human heart failure [14], and the prevention and correction ofvitamin D deficiency may potentially reduce the incidence of heart failure [15].Several clinical studies have reported a positive effect of vitamin D on heartfunction; however, there are other human studies that have reported opposingfindings.