Encouragingly, the in vivo results suggested that the NPs could dramatically improve the anti-GBM responses of radiotherapy and ICI by promoting the infiltration of type 1 helper T (Th1) cells and CD8+T cells, but reducing the infiltration of Th2 cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells; inducing the repolarization of macrophages from M2-type to M1-type. Here, CD8A is linked to glioblastoma.