APAF1 and acute kidney injury: In human kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells, diosgenincould inhibit the generation of ROS and reduce the expression of apoptoticproteins, such as Apaf-1, CytC, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved caspase9 under high-glucose conditions.23 However,the potential effects of diosgenin on I/R injury-induced AKI as wellas the development of CKD after AKI have not been well explored.