TGFB1 and cancer: Additionally, TGF‐β1 signaling can induce PD‐L1 expression in cancer cells, and co‐treatment of TGF‐β1 inhibition and PD‐L1 blockade enhances antitumor immunity.[40, 41] Thus, we evaluated the efficacy of galunisertib, a small molecule inhibitor targeting TGFβR1 kinase, in combination with anti‐PD‐L1 in these HCC models.