TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: For this purpose, HCC cells with low endogenous SOX12 expression were treated with various inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐17A, IL‐27, TGF‐β1, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, and HMGB1) and the results showed that TGF‐β1 significantly induced SOX12 upregulation in a concentration‐dependent manner (Figure6A,B; Figure S12A,B, Supporting Information).