The identification of Lactobacillus iners (16) and its role in conferring chemoradiation resistance through lactate-induced metabolic rewiring, as well as the ameliorative effects of L. plantarum-derived ILA on tumorigenesis, underscores the microbiota’s metabolic byproducts as key regulators of the tumor microenvironment. Here, TNFRSF9 is linked to neoplasm.