TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Furthermore, studies have shown that by stimulating inflammatory pathways, there is a correlation between the degree of adiposity/obesity and adipocyte size and number (34, 35), chronic low-level inflammation with less secretion of anti-inflammatory adipokines (adiponectin) and higher secretions of pro-inflammatory proteins (TNF-α, Leptin, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TGF-β1) which may lead to an increased risk of cancer (36).