MS4A1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: These subsets included naïve B cells (expressing MS4A1, CD79A, TCL1A, IGHM, and IGHD), memory B cells (expressing MS4A1, CD79A, and CD27), plasma cells (expressing MZB1), and intermediate B cells (exhibiting characteristics of both naïve and memory B cells and expressing TNFR1B and NKFB) (Figures 4A, B).Our observations revealed an elevated proportion of intermediate B cells (identified as intermediate B_TNFR2+ and intermediate B_NFKB+) and plasma cells, while the naïve B-cell proportion was lower in T2D patients than the non-diabetes (Figure 4C).