TNF and cancer: V2 is mainly associated with several growth and synthesis functions (Figure 1C); V3 is mainly related to metabolic functions (Figure 1D); V4 reflects cancer cell response to IFN-γ and TNF-α (Figure 1E); V5 seems to participate in multiple morphogenesis and cell differentiation processes (Figure 1F); and V6 restricts G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway and regulates cell adhesion (Figure 1G).