Our studies also showed that IRE1α inhibition diminishes the obesity-elicited pro-inflammatory ATM subpopulations including the newly identified CD9+ ATMs and adipose inflammation which is known to suppress thermogenesis (Sakamoto, Takahashi et al. 2013, Goto, Naknukool et al. 2016, Sakamoto, Nitta et al. 2016). Here, ERN1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.