TGFB1 and neoplasm: Moreover, recruitment and infiltration of immunosuppressive immune cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the TME can suppress anti-tumor immune responses to tumor cells via releasing immunosuppressive mediators, such as IL-10, IL-35, and tumor growth factor beta (TGF-β) (Gao et al., 2023) (Figure 3).