According to KEGG pathway analysis, NAFLD, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, leukocyte migration, antigen processing and presentation, Jak-STAT signaling and MAPK, AMPK, Insulin, thyroid hormone signaling pathways were found to be associated with up- and downregulated DEGs, respectively in the liver of BPA lineage females compared to control females (Supplementary Fig. 8). Here, TG is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.