CD8A and cancer: Recent reports suggest that some ISGs have roles that function against defence mechanisms and exhibit anti-defensive characteristics that promote tumour progression. Studies on the tumour microenvironment (TME) of breast and colorectal cancer, which comprises cancerous and non-cancerous cells, including fibroblasts, immune cells, blood vessel-forming cells, and proteins, have shown that the upregulation of ISGs is associated with the inhibition of apoptosis and depletion of CD8 T-cells, which are crucial for eliminating cancer cells [9-11].