Functionally, M1 type macrophages activate the immune response mainly through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumour necrosis factor-α [TNFα], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], interleukin-6 [IL-6]) and inhibit tumour growth and spread by phagocytosis and killing of tumour cells (70–73). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.