IL23A and Cowden disease: Moreover, besides its contributing role in the pTh17 cell induction and in CD pathogenesis, IL-23 also plays important homeostatic functions by regulating innate lymphoid cells (ILC) or enhancing intestinal barrier mechanism by promoting the release of antimicrobial peptides.70 Therefore, targeting upstream the bacterial stimuli selectively triggering the IL-23 overproduction could be a turning point in the treatment of chronic intestinal inflammation in CD.