IGF1 and autism: So, a study in a male cohort is required given elevated bimodal expression of synaptic disease in males (overgrowth in autism vs. undergrowth in schizophrenia) [16, 17], decreased relative risk of hyperinflammatory manifestations (somatic autoimmune disease and central nervous system mood disorders) [18], and the highly variable differences in response to life-extending interventions between sexes, such as reduced IGF-1 or mTOR signaling, observed in mice [19].