HNRNPD and viral infectious disease: Normally, AUF1 is predominantly located in the nucleus, but under certain stressful conditions, such as viral infection, it can be relocated to the cytoplasm to exert regulatory functions.37–39,58 The nucleocytoplasmic shuttling properties of AUF1 are mainly related to its nuclear import and export signals,39 as well as its interaction with the nuclear export protein CRM1/XPO1.59 Further investigation is required to determine how CagA influences these signals of AUF1.