CTLA4 and cancer: These ICIs function by activating anti-tumor immunity to eliminate cancer cells, with programmed death receptor-1/programmed death receptor ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) being the most common and promising targets, playing a crucial role in the immunotherapy of lung cancer [9, 10].