TNF and neoplasm: Importantly, we observed that while provision of anti-PD-L1 modestly impacted the vaccine promotion of polyfunctional (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2) CD8+ TIL reactivity against B16 melanoma or tumor-associated PVEC targets in vitro, combined treatment with vaccines + CKM or, more so, vaccines + CKM + anti-PD-L1 yielded superior frequencies of polyfunctional CD8+ TILs recognizing B16 (with p < 0.05 for vaccine + CKM + anti-PD-L1 vs. vaccine + CKM).