Given the pronounced similarities of pro-inflammatory mucosal immune profiles regarding the IgA compartment between patients with IBD and celiac disease, future studies should aim to investigate if XBB.1.5-adapted COVID-19 mRNA vaccines induce similarly weak mucosal IgA responses in patients with celiac disease as seen for patients with IBD in this study [40,41]. This evidence concerns the gene CD79A and inflammatory bowel disease.