CCL2 and parasitic infectious disease: Given that IP-10 and MCP-1 were higher at peak viremia, followed by a reduction during ART and an increase during P. fragile co-infection that coincided with peak parasitemia, these data indicate that elevations in inflammatory cytokines and chemokines may be influenced by SIV infection alone as well as by P. fragile co-infection of ART-treated SIV+ RMs.