TNF and asthma: The pathophysiology of obesity-induced asthma (OIA) has been associated with multiple mechanisms, including chronic low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue (metaflammation) [4], NLRP3-associated M1 macrophage polarization [5], increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [6,7,8], and changes in adipokine levels (increased leptin and decreased adiponectin) [6,7,8].