TNF and colorectal adenocarcinoma: Wang et al. also proved butyric acid’s cytotoxic effects against colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells [67]; the results indicated that sodium butyrate was able to upregulate the activities of caspase-3 and -9, suggesting that the molecular mechanism of apoptosis induction resides in mitochondrial pathways that do not involve TNF-α.