Comparing the area percentage of expression between normal healthy kidneys (CTRL) and those with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), the results revealed that HK and HYP exhibited similar expression to CTRL, without significant differences, whereas a notable difference was observed in DK and DYS (p < 0.5, Figure 3d). Here, PHEX is linked to congenital anomaly of kidney and urinary tract.