EGR1 and cholestasis: The stimulation of proliferative pathways through the activation of an inflammatory cascade that leads to the upregulation of gene signaling is another common mechanism involved in tumorigenesis mediated by BAs: BAs upregulate Early growth response-1 (Egr-1), which is required for the development of liver inflammation during cholestasis, via MAPK signaling [80] directly or via previous activation of FXR, which heterodimerizes with RXR and modulates gene expression [84].