NFKB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Several lines of evidence have reported the potential mechanism of saffron and its bio-active compounds against Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) through multiple mechanisms, such as the fact that saffron has anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce cytokine production and inhibit pathways such as NF-κB, which is crucial in the inflammatory response [161,221,223]; its antioxidant activity neutralizes free radicals, protecting intestinal tissues from oxidative damage [163], and modulates the immune system by promoting regulatory T cells while suppressing pro-inflammatory cells [224].