This is supported by the observation that the abundance of fructoselysine pathway genes was inversely associated with BMI, fasting insulin and triglycerides in a human cohort, and that 13 weeks of I. butyriciproducens administration reduced body weight gain and fat mass and improved insulin sensitivity in a diet-induced obesity mouse model [85]. Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.