TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Most recently, Calip et al. (2018), who studied 947 patients with RA in the United States, found a nearly twofold increased risk of NHL among anti-TNF-α users (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.16–3.20), particularly with TNF fusion proteins such as etanercept (OR = 2.73; 95% CI: 1.40–5.33) [23].