H2AX and bile duct cancer: Kamakura et al. [39] associated mucosal lesions with high levels of γ-H2AX expression, particularly in the gallbladder, in patients with BPMs; meanwhile, it seems that biopsies could be used to predict GBC and bile duct cancer, while γ-H2AX may have a role in early cancer detection as a prognostic indicator in patients with BPMs.