Hyperglycemia may also cause immune dysregulation by diminishing the functions of immune cells infiltrating cancer tissues, including CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs); reprogram MDSCs to regulate M1 and M2 differentiation; and stimulate IL-6 secretion by inducing TNF-α secretion by monocytes and macrophages [43,44]. Here, TNF is linked to cancer.